Why is it, that health is such a major concern for humans? Is it because health for humans, and all other
living things for that matter, is such an essential primordial process in staying alive? The answer of course is
yes. The next question of sociological importance is to what extent, is any illness, socially constructed?
Hence this is the question I am to endeavour to answer in this essay. Infact I will argue that from a social
constructivist philosophical perspective, that the illness of obesity is a socially constructed health concept
and that within a western, liberalistic paradigm and context, obesity tends to be envisioned as a symptom of a
modern lifestyle process. I will endeavour to elaborate as to how obesity has become a chronic health
problem within a modern western society and endeavour to explain, as why a modern, western liberalistic
society, finds it hard to diagnose what causes the health condition- obesity. First, what in general terms, is
obesity? According to the early 17th century Doctor, Tobias Venner and his enlightened, liberalistic
philosophical paradigm; obesity is: “An individual disease process, of a fat an gross habit of body, which is
far worse than a lean individual body, as it is more prone to become sick.” pp.19-20. (Gilman, 1998, pp.19-
20) (Blackburn, 2005, pp. 209-210). However from a social constructivist, philosophical paradigm
perspective, obesity is seen as a socially constructed illness, which is something quite different entirely
(Blackburn, 2005, pp.158, 342). Indeed according to the Political Scientist Oliver, a social constructivist,
philosophical paradigm, tends to envisage heath concerns, such as obesity within a social context, so as to
fully understand and identify the health issue concerned (Oliver, 2006, pp. 611-626) (Haralamobos, Holborn,
1991, pp. 2-5, 19, 758-761, 768, 799-804). Infact within the context of this essay, according to the Professors Hafferty and Castellani, they suggest that in general terms, health in any society, is always, intrinsically
bound up in contested dialogues. So it thus becomes very hard to envisioned, what is good health and bad
health concepts (Hafferty, Castellani, 2006, pp. 331-338) (Poynter, 1973, pp.22-43). Indeed such a statement
tends to confirm the many tensions within the medical fraternity itself. For instance, the concept of a chronic
illness is completely different, to what an acute illness is. Infact a chronic illness is defined as: “As a health
problem, which is long-lasting or recurring over a lifetime, some examples are, arthritis, cancer, diabetes,
Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and heart disease.” p.1 (AARP-Educating Community, 2003, p.1). Which is
completely different to what an acute health problem is: “ Which is a disease that lasts for just a short time,
but can begin rapidly and have intense symptoms, such as, colds, influenza and strep throat, etc. ” p. 8
(Geddes,Grossent,1997, p.8).
Infact it has been suggested that within a modern, liberalistic philosophical perspective, it is not really
possible to envisage obesity, as a socially constructed illness (Klienman, 1998, pp.3-8). This is because,
according to a liberalistic philosophical view, a society is made up of individuals, who are embedded within
voluntary contractual relationships within an authoritative paradigm concept, such as say, within
government and business processes, etc (Bullock, Trombley, 1999, pp. 479-480) (Russell, 2008, pp. 544-
550). Consequently there seems to be no such thing, as a perceived social community, thus health can not be
seen as a social construct. Infact, according to the Psychiatrist Ogden, she suggests that an individuals
identity is constructed through a process of individual knowledge concepts and to thus assume other wise, in
that an individuals identity, is somehow embedded within an individuals concept of health and psychology, is
to be very mistaken (Ogden, 2002, pp.98-107). Indeed Ogden implies, that an individuals self image is an
internal, (ego-orientated), process that has little to do with any external (social) influences (Ogden, 2002,
pp.19-30). For instance according to Ogden, this is obvious in that within the twentieth century, there have
been three distinct internal selves, which have shaped an individuals identity, these are the passive self,
interactive self and intra-active reflexive self (Ogden, 2002, p. 101). Infact the Sociologist Foucault, implies
that this is essentially why a liberalistic philosophical perspective, should and can not, possible envisage any
illness, such as obesity as an example, as a chronic health problem, but rather, it must be seen as an acute
health problem (Foucault, 1998, pp.125-151). For example; “An acute illness is a lot more serious for an individual, requiring attention from trained medical personnel and possible hospitalization procedures as a
result (physicians, nurses, physical therapists). Where in contrast, a chronic illness is often controlled and
even overcome by an individual, acting on their own initiative and without any help from others “pp.1-2
(Roy, Russell, 2006, pp.1-2). Consequently obesity has become a illnesses in today’s modern world, which is
also seen within an epidemic, biological disease problem context, thus obesity tends to become classified as
acute illness and requiring some form of medical treatment to rectify the problem (Williams, Germov, 2005,
pp.138, 340-341, 344). Indeed Gilman mentions that many government departments, now, treat obesity as an
epidemic illness and thus biological cures are necessary to treat this dire disease (Gilman, 1998, pp.3,
79,146-147, 14-44,164-175). For instance, China has a concern that their children, are at risk of becoming
obese and dying before their parents. Infact it is mentioned that up to 20% of Chinese children, living in
china’s cities within the 1990s were obese (Gilman, 1998, pp.146-151).
Though I suggest, from a social constructivist, philosophical perspective that any concept of obesity and all
its imaging have, is constructed through a social health, paradigm concept (Oliver, 2006, p.626). For
example, as implied by the Sociologist Blumer, who reigns from symbolic internationalism perspective, or a
social constructivist philosophical view in essence, health in any society, is envisioned as a symbolic
internationalism process, with health, cultural and social concepts experienced and embodied, in different
ways within different “health expert” knowledge areas (Blumer,1969, pp.1-21) (Julian,2005, pp.150-151).
Moreover in regards to Ogden suggestion that the self, (our identity), is an internal matter not to be
incorporated within a social construct. I would have counter her view and agree with the Sociologist
Gofman, when he implies that the self is intimately entwined within a social constructionist process and that
this is quite obvious, in the case of how stigmas and labels are attributed to an assumed health illness, or
anything else for that matter (Gofman, 1975, pp.13-83, 141-166, 231-249).For instance obesity has been
stigmatized / labelled in our present historical period, as a non desirable concept, even deviant to some
extent (Millen, Walker, 2003, pp.89-91) (Gilman, 1998, pp.78-101). Thus the assumed illness obesity is
constructed through a social process, incorporating our self identity, (ego), in many respects. Infact, such a
process confirms the suspicion of the Sociologist Klienman, for according to him, obesity has now become a
chronic health problem, rather than an acute health problem (Klienman, 1998, pp. 5-30) (Conrad, Barker,
2010, pp. 72-73) (AARP-Educating Community, 2003, pp.1-28). Consequentially because a chronic health
problem is defined as a long lasting in its duration, both within an individual and by proxy within a
community, then obesity in essence, can only but be envisioned within a social construct (Cockerham, 2005,
pp. 51-67). This is because health is seen to be analogical akin, as to how a society functions and thus it is
statistically, much easy to implement preventative medicine to alleviate obesity concerns, rather than from a
liberalistic, acute health perspective, which tends to initiate, only, symptomatic short term cures to obesity
issues (Conrad, Barker, 2010, pp. 67-79). Indeed according to the Socialists Cleland, Teijlingen and Cotton,
this is exactly the reason why it is virtually impossible, for a pharmacists / medical practitioner, who has a
liberalistic philosophical perspective, to accurately diagnose when, where and why, a chronic health illness
may originate from (Cleland, Teijlingen, Cotton,2011, pp.3-9). Specifically because pharmacists / medical
practitioners who have liberalistic philosophical perspectives, can not, thoroughly diagnose what may cause
obesity, without investigating and researching, as to how and why a chronic illness context may evolve. For
instance the Sociologist White suggests, that today’s obsession with medicalzation; (Our present western
societies, reliance upon doctors, drugs and the concept of normalization), as cure for an illness, obesity
included, tends deny that any external factors, such as a communities cultural and social practices, can play a
part in an illness evolving, which in reality is quite the opposite (White, 2002, pp.34-35, 41-44, 49).
Yet others suggest that it is not relevant or desirable to envisage any illness, obesity included, as a social
construct (Berger, Luckman, 1975, pp.65-108). This is because it tends to relegate, preventive medicine to be
an external factor within health and denies the role in which an individual plays, in being responsible for
their own health concerns (Germov, 2005, pp.15-17) (Jusssim, 1991, pp.54-73). Which according to the early
17th century Philosopher, Descartes, this was neither desirable nor relevant, if medicine / health and society
was to progress within the 17th century. Infact with Descartes, individualist philosophical claims off; I think
there for I am; discourse, becoming embodied, within an enlightenment period of history. The individual
became cental to decision making, this is because self responsibility and the idea of the body, as a biological
machine took root, while an individuals mind became a separate entity (Turner, 2003, pp.15-16).
Consequently the Cartesian / rational idea, of the body, as machine suited the adventures of an enlightened,
empirical science process (Parker, 1995, pp. 24-29) (Duhamel, 1933, pp. 162-166). Indeed envisioning any illness as a social construct within this period was not relevant as the main cultural paradigm of the time. As
it has been implied that this period in history, was more of a religion based, cultural artefact. This is obvious
in that; if you became ill within this period, it was the will of God and it had little to do with any social
constructive processes within the society, at the time (Poynter, 1973, pp.43-62) (Parker, 1995, pp.22-23).
Moreover from a liberalistic philosophical perspective, it is really quite easy to define and diagnose what
obesity is and thus then find a solution to the illness (Hafferty, Castellani, 2006, pp. 331-338). Indeed it can
be implied that due to “science” becoming involved within medical / research procedures, it has been much
easer to diagnose any illness (obesity included). Specifically because a scientific evidenced based, empirical
research processes tends to eliminate, many other complex pathogens, (biological and / or otherwise),within
an illness / diseases process (Swami, 2007, ”pp. 1-37).For instance a 2010 Chinese study, has shown that
obesity within Chinese culture seems to defy the social constructivist notion that a modern culture, with all
its media communications seeming to advocate obese eating habits, can socially construct obesity scenarios
within a culture. For instance, the study implied that males who were slender in BMI / build (Body Mass
Index) had more heart attacks than those of men, who had high BMI and were obese in build (Yang,
Maigeng, Smith, Yang, Peto, Wang, Boreham, Hu Chen, 2010, pp.1027–1036).
However I would argue, along with many others, from a social constructivist, philosophical
perspective, that because obesity is envisioned as a socially constructed health concept, it is thus
much easy to diagnose what causes the health condition obesity (Lupton, 1993, pp.429-431) (Jary,
1995, pp. 605-606). Infact according to the Sociologist Shove, because pattens of diets, such as
high junk food diets, can become socially acceptable concepts, embedded through, infrastructural
and institutional processes, it thus creates an environment where obesogenic, or normative
conceptual frameworks evolve. Which unfortunately, is not a good outcome for humanity, as it
tends to highlight the fact that we are ignorant of how and why normative social constructs can / do
evolve (Shove, 2011, pp.9-10). Indeed this is no more obvious in how the 18th century American
puritan pioneers, were ignorant of the fact that Native Americans, did not have any immunity to 18th
century health problems, such as tuberculosis, influenza, small pox, etc. Consequentially the 18tcentury.
living things for that matter, is such an essential primordial process in staying alive? The answer of course is
yes. The next question of sociological importance is to what extent, is any illness, socially constructed?
Hence this is the question I am to endeavour to answer in this essay. Infact I will argue that from a social
constructivist philosophical perspective, that the illness of obesity is a socially constructed health concept
and that within a western, liberalistic paradigm and context, obesity tends to be envisioned as a symptom of a
modern lifestyle process. I will endeavour to elaborate as to how obesity has become a chronic health
problem within a modern western society and endeavour to explain, as why a modern, western liberalistic
society, finds it hard to diagnose what causes the health condition- obesity. First, what in general terms, is
obesity? According to the early 17th century Doctor, Tobias Venner and his enlightened, liberalistic
philosophical paradigm; obesity is: “An individual disease process, of a fat an gross habit of body, which is
far worse than a lean individual body, as it is more prone to become sick.” pp.19-20. (Gilman, 1998, pp.19-
20) (Blackburn, 2005, pp. 209-210). However from a social constructivist, philosophical paradigm
perspective, obesity is seen as a socially constructed illness, which is something quite different entirely
(Blackburn, 2005, pp.158, 342). Indeed according to the Political Scientist Oliver, a social constructivist,
philosophical paradigm, tends to envisage heath concerns, such as obesity within a social context, so as to
fully understand and identify the health issue concerned (Oliver, 2006, pp. 611-626) (Haralamobos, Holborn,
1991, pp. 2-5, 19, 758-761, 768, 799-804). Infact within the context of this essay, according to the Professors Hafferty and Castellani, they suggest that in general terms, health in any society, is always, intrinsically
bound up in contested dialogues. So it thus becomes very hard to envisioned, what is good health and bad
health concepts (Hafferty, Castellani, 2006, pp. 331-338) (Poynter, 1973, pp.22-43). Indeed such a statement
tends to confirm the many tensions within the medical fraternity itself. For instance, the concept of a chronic
illness is completely different, to what an acute illness is. Infact a chronic illness is defined as: “As a health
problem, which is long-lasting or recurring over a lifetime, some examples are, arthritis, cancer, diabetes,
Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and heart disease.” p.1 (AARP-Educating Community, 2003, p.1). Which is
completely different to what an acute health problem is: “ Which is a disease that lasts for just a short time,
but can begin rapidly and have intense symptoms, such as, colds, influenza and strep throat, etc. ” p. 8
(Geddes,Grossent,1997, p.8).
Infact it has been suggested that within a modern, liberalistic philosophical perspective, it is not really
possible to envisage obesity, as a socially constructed illness (Klienman, 1998, pp.3-8). This is because,
according to a liberalistic philosophical view, a society is made up of individuals, who are embedded within
voluntary contractual relationships within an authoritative paradigm concept, such as say, within
government and business processes, etc (Bullock, Trombley, 1999, pp. 479-480) (Russell, 2008, pp. 544-
550). Consequently there seems to be no such thing, as a perceived social community, thus health can not be
seen as a social construct. Infact, according to the Psychiatrist Ogden, she suggests that an individuals
identity is constructed through a process of individual knowledge concepts and to thus assume other wise, in
that an individuals identity, is somehow embedded within an individuals concept of health and psychology, is
to be very mistaken (Ogden, 2002, pp.98-107). Indeed Ogden implies, that an individuals self image is an
internal, (ego-orientated), process that has little to do with any external (social) influences (Ogden, 2002,
pp.19-30). For instance according to Ogden, this is obvious in that within the twentieth century, there have
been three distinct internal selves, which have shaped an individuals identity, these are the passive self,
interactive self and intra-active reflexive self (Ogden, 2002, p. 101). Infact the Sociologist Foucault, implies
that this is essentially why a liberalistic philosophical perspective, should and can not, possible envisage any
illness, such as obesity as an example, as a chronic health problem, but rather, it must be seen as an acute
health problem (Foucault, 1998, pp.125-151). For example; “An acute illness is a lot more serious for an individual, requiring attention from trained medical personnel and possible hospitalization procedures as a
result (physicians, nurses, physical therapists). Where in contrast, a chronic illness is often controlled and
even overcome by an individual, acting on their own initiative and without any help from others “pp.1-2
(Roy, Russell, 2006, pp.1-2). Consequently obesity has become a illnesses in today’s modern world, which is
also seen within an epidemic, biological disease problem context, thus obesity tends to become classified as
acute illness and requiring some form of medical treatment to rectify the problem (Williams, Germov, 2005,
pp.138, 340-341, 344). Indeed Gilman mentions that many government departments, now, treat obesity as an
epidemic illness and thus biological cures are necessary to treat this dire disease (Gilman, 1998, pp.3,
79,146-147, 14-44,164-175). For instance, China has a concern that their children, are at risk of becoming
obese and dying before their parents. Infact it is mentioned that up to 20% of Chinese children, living in
china’s cities within the 1990s were obese (Gilman, 1998, pp.146-151).
Though I suggest, from a social constructivist, philosophical perspective that any concept of obesity and all
its imaging have, is constructed through a social health, paradigm concept (Oliver, 2006, p.626). For
example, as implied by the Sociologist Blumer, who reigns from symbolic internationalism perspective, or a
social constructivist philosophical view in essence, health in any society, is envisioned as a symbolic
internationalism process, with health, cultural and social concepts experienced and embodied, in different
ways within different “health expert” knowledge areas (Blumer,1969, pp.1-21) (Julian,2005, pp.150-151).
Moreover in regards to Ogden suggestion that the self, (our identity), is an internal matter not to be
incorporated within a social construct. I would have counter her view and agree with the Sociologist
Gofman, when he implies that the self is intimately entwined within a social constructionist process and that
this is quite obvious, in the case of how stigmas and labels are attributed to an assumed health illness, or
anything else for that matter (Gofman, 1975, pp.13-83, 141-166, 231-249).For instance obesity has been
stigmatized / labelled in our present historical period, as a non desirable concept, even deviant to some
extent (Millen, Walker, 2003, pp.89-91) (Gilman, 1998, pp.78-101). Thus the assumed illness obesity is
constructed through a social process, incorporating our self identity, (ego), in many respects. Infact, such a
process confirms the suspicion of the Sociologist Klienman, for according to him, obesity has now become a
chronic health problem, rather than an acute health problem (Klienman, 1998, pp. 5-30) (Conrad, Barker,
2010, pp. 72-73) (AARP-Educating Community, 2003, pp.1-28). Consequentially because a chronic health
problem is defined as a long lasting in its duration, both within an individual and by proxy within a
community, then obesity in essence, can only but be envisioned within a social construct (Cockerham, 2005,
pp. 51-67). This is because health is seen to be analogical akin, as to how a society functions and thus it is
statistically, much easy to implement preventative medicine to alleviate obesity concerns, rather than from a
liberalistic, acute health perspective, which tends to initiate, only, symptomatic short term cures to obesity
issues (Conrad, Barker, 2010, pp. 67-79). Indeed according to the Socialists Cleland, Teijlingen and Cotton,
this is exactly the reason why it is virtually impossible, for a pharmacists / medical practitioner, who has a
liberalistic philosophical perspective, to accurately diagnose when, where and why, a chronic health illness
may originate from (Cleland, Teijlingen, Cotton,2011, pp.3-9). Specifically because pharmacists / medical
practitioners who have liberalistic philosophical perspectives, can not, thoroughly diagnose what may cause
obesity, without investigating and researching, as to how and why a chronic illness context may evolve. For
instance the Sociologist White suggests, that today’s obsession with medicalzation; (Our present western
societies, reliance upon doctors, drugs and the concept of normalization), as cure for an illness, obesity
included, tends deny that any external factors, such as a communities cultural and social practices, can play a
part in an illness evolving, which in reality is quite the opposite (White, 2002, pp.34-35, 41-44, 49).
Yet others suggest that it is not relevant or desirable to envisage any illness, obesity included, as a social
construct (Berger, Luckman, 1975, pp.65-108). This is because it tends to relegate, preventive medicine to be
an external factor within health and denies the role in which an individual plays, in being responsible for
their own health concerns (Germov, 2005, pp.15-17) (Jusssim, 1991, pp.54-73). Which according to the early
17th century Philosopher, Descartes, this was neither desirable nor relevant, if medicine / health and society
was to progress within the 17th century. Infact with Descartes, individualist philosophical claims off; I think
there for I am; discourse, becoming embodied, within an enlightenment period of history. The individual
became cental to decision making, this is because self responsibility and the idea of the body, as a biological
machine took root, while an individuals mind became a separate entity (Turner, 2003, pp.15-16).
Consequently the Cartesian / rational idea, of the body, as machine suited the adventures of an enlightened,
empirical science process (Parker, 1995, pp. 24-29) (Duhamel, 1933, pp. 162-166). Indeed envisioning any illness as a social construct within this period was not relevant as the main cultural paradigm of the time. As
it has been implied that this period in history, was more of a religion based, cultural artefact. This is obvious
in that; if you became ill within this period, it was the will of God and it had little to do with any social
constructive processes within the society, at the time (Poynter, 1973, pp.43-62) (Parker, 1995, pp.22-23).
Moreover from a liberalistic philosophical perspective, it is really quite easy to define and diagnose what
obesity is and thus then find a solution to the illness (Hafferty, Castellani, 2006, pp. 331-338). Indeed it can
be implied that due to “science” becoming involved within medical / research procedures, it has been much
easer to diagnose any illness (obesity included). Specifically because a scientific evidenced based, empirical
research processes tends to eliminate, many other complex pathogens, (biological and / or otherwise),within
an illness / diseases process (Swami, 2007, ”pp. 1-37).For instance a 2010 Chinese study, has shown that
obesity within Chinese culture seems to defy the social constructivist notion that a modern culture, with all
its media communications seeming to advocate obese eating habits, can socially construct obesity scenarios
within a culture. For instance, the study implied that males who were slender in BMI / build (Body Mass
Index) had more heart attacks than those of men, who had high BMI and were obese in build (Yang,
Maigeng, Smith, Yang, Peto, Wang, Boreham, Hu Chen, 2010, pp.1027–1036).
However I would argue, along with many others, from a social constructivist, philosophical
perspective, that because obesity is envisioned as a socially constructed health concept, it is thus
much easy to diagnose what causes the health condition obesity (Lupton, 1993, pp.429-431) (Jary,
1995, pp. 605-606). Infact according to the Sociologist Shove, because pattens of diets, such as
high junk food diets, can become socially acceptable concepts, embedded through, infrastructural
and institutional processes, it thus creates an environment where obesogenic, or normative
conceptual frameworks evolve. Which unfortunately, is not a good outcome for humanity, as it
tends to highlight the fact that we are ignorant of how and why normative social constructs can / do
evolve (Shove, 2011, pp.9-10). Indeed this is no more obvious in how the 18th century American
puritan pioneers, were ignorant of the fact that Native Americans, did not have any immunity to 18th
century health problems, such as tuberculosis, influenza, small pox, etc. Consequentially the 18tcentury.